Claire Wardle of First Draft News, has identified seven types of fake news:
- Satire or parody (“no intention to cause harm but has potential to fool”)
- False connection (“when headlines, visuals or captions don’t support the content”)
- Misleading content (“misleading use of information to frame an issue or an individual”)
- False context (“when genuine content is shared with false contextual information”)
- Impostor content (“when genuine sources are impersonated” with false, made-up sources)
- Manipulated content (“when genuine information or imagery is manipulated to deceive”, as with a “doctored” photo)
- Fabricated content (“new content is 100% false, designed to deceive and do harm”)
Scientific denialism is another potential explanatory type of fake news, defined as the act of producing false or misleading facts to unconsciously support strong pre-existing beliefs.
According to an academic library guide, a number of specific aspects of fake news may help to identify it and thus avoid being unduly influenced.[67] These include: clickbait, propaganda, satire/parody, sloppy journalism, misleading headings, manipulation, rumor mill, misinformation, media bias, audience bias, and content farms.
Author: Maftuna Yusupboyeva
