Fields of modern linguistics

By: Eshmurzayeva Zuhra

Abstract

In this article, the concept of modern linguistics, the fields of linguistics, goals and tasks, dynamic linguistics and its use in the speech process are discussed and researched.

Keywords: linguistics, general linguistics, special linguistics, applied linguistics, fields and tasks of linguistics, dynamic linguistics

Linguistics (linguistics: Greek lingua – “language”, logos – “science”) is complex and multifaceted, it studies language scientifically and practically in an integral relationship with other social sciences, it deals with the main issues of linguistics, the emergence of language and language It is a science that analyzes the general laws of development, language and speech features. [1,6]

Language serves society, it plays an important role in people’s communication and exchange of ideas. Language serves for the formation and development of a person from the spiritual and educational side. Language is related to human thinking, mentality, culture, tradition and personal development.

There are several directions of linguistics, and they are: general linguistics – the field whose main task is to identify and illuminate the most common signs-characteristics characteristic of world languages, special linguistics – the field that studies the characteristics of certain language signs; applied linguistics is divided into fields that develop methods for solving practical problems, and this is their main goal and task.

According to V. Humboldt, language is a phenomenon that embodies complex, conflicting qualities and characteristics. In fact, the languages ​​of the world differ from each other due to their unique features, i.e. in which direction they differ.  The scientist says that the language is always developing and changing, which is its main feature. The main problem of the science of linguistics is to study this feature of the language.

Linguistics or linguistics is studied in the following areas in the process of learning a strong and unique language, which is the wealth of the nation:

1. Dynamic linguistics. 2. Static linguistics 3. Synchronous linguistics 4. Diachronic linguistics 5. Intralinguistics 6. Extralinguistics 7. Paeralinguistics 8. Psycholinguistics 9. Sociolinguistics 10. Mathematical linguistics 11. Computational linguistics 12. Cognitive linguistics 13. Pragmalinguistics 14. Linguistics

Dynamic linguistics, which is one of the important and starting fields of linguistics, is a field that mainly studies the language in its real existence, actively performing various tasks in the communicative process, and changing “in progress”.

1.Dynamic Syntax (DS) is a grammatical formalism and linguistic theory whose overall goal is to explain the real-time processes of language comprehension and production and to describe the gradual evolution of language structures over time. According to the DS approach, syntactic knowledge is understood as the ability to progressively analyze the structure and content of spoken and written language in context and in real time. While it provides representations similar to those used in Combinatorial Categorical Grammars (CCGs), it creates left-to-right literal representations. it differs from other syntactic models, which generally abstract from the features of everyday conversation such as interruptions, backtracking, and self-correction. Moreover, it differs from other approaches in that it does not postulate an independent level of syntactic structure in relation to words.

Dynamic syntax emerged in the late 1990s and early 2000s through the work of notable figures such as Ruth Kempson, Ronnie Kahn, Wilfried Meyer-Viol, and Dov Gabbay. The first monograph-length work on the framework was published in 2001. Dynamic Syntax: The Flow of Understanding Archived 2019-05-27 at the Wayback Machine. It is embedded in broader trends in 20th-century linguistic thought, especially syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and phonology. Ronnie Kann, Ruth Kempson, and Lutz Marten’s The Dynamics of Language (2005) continued the 2001 title and expanded the discussion and empirical scope of the framework.

In subsequent years, the framework’s empirical coverage has expanded to include modeling structures in Japanese, Korean, modern Greek, medieval Spanish dialects, and various Bantu languages, including Swahili, Rangi, and SiSwati. Recent work has also explored ways in which the framework can be naturally extended to model dialogue.[3]

2. Static linguistics. A field that examines a certain “stuck” state of the language related to the present-modern period, which is completely removed from the process of development and change in the language, without approaching it.
3. Synchronous linguistics – this field of linguistics, different from static linguistics, serves to describe the “stuck”, “stagnant” state of the language in a certain period.
4. Diaxon linguistics. The development of language is a field that studies the laws and results of the development of language units. Diaxon linguistics is inextricably linked with dynamic and atomistic linguistics.
5. Intralinguistics (also known as internal linguistics). Phonology, lexicology, and grammar are the sources of his research.
6. Extralinguistics (external linguistics). Foreign linguistics studies the development and function of language in connection with socio-political, socio-historical, ethnic, geographical factors.
7. Paralinguistics. Hand and face movements (gestures, facial expressions), speech pitch, expressive-emotional, which are directly related to speech activity and occur simultaneously with the expression of thoughts in the speech process, are a constant companion of conversational speech. is a field that studies a number of aspects such as paint.
8. The field that studies how language is processed in the brain by studying the mental processes involved in language production and comprehension is called psycholinguistics.
9. The field that studies the relationship between language and society, aspects of language related to philosophy, social psychology, and ethnography is called sociolinguistics (sociolinguistics) [1,21].

Sociolinguistics does not stop at the analysis of the relations between language and society, but follows the criteria of historicity, vitality, normativity, territoriality in highlighting its social nature.

10. Mathematical science, its subject, the formal apparatus for describing the structure of natural and some artificial languages ​​can be recognized in the field of mathematical linguistics.
11. An interdisciplinary field that combines linguistics, computer science and artificial intelligence to study and process natural language using computer methods and tools.

The most important conceptual categories of computer linguistics:

Knowledge structures such as “framey” (conceptual structures for the declarative representation of knowledge about a typical thematic integrated situation, such as “scenarios” (conceptual structures for the procedural representation of knowledge about a sterotypical situation or stereotypical behavior), “plans” (knowledge structures that include ideas about possible actions, a category that leads to the achievement of a specific goal)

12. Cognitive linguistics. It is the newest direction in linguistics, and it was created from the necessary connection between the sciences of cognitology (a science that studies human knowledge) and linguistics, in order to work together.
13. Pragmalinguistics. It studies and examines a specific unit in speech activity, realization, invisibility in speech, in cooperation with various non-linguistic factors and at various levels, in their interrelationship.
14. Specific problems of the relationship between language and culture are mainly solved by linguo-cultural studies.

Lingvoculturology studies the influence of the cultural factor on language (problems of cultural linguistics), on the other hand, the influence of the language factor on culture (problems of linguistic culturology) [4,8]

The result

Linguistics is enriched with the complexity of the language system with various features and fields, and with unlimited communicative possibilities. It actively participates in the coverage of topical and extremely complex issues such as language and speech, including a number of disciplines.

Summary

If the science of linguistics serves to confirm and prove that language is one of the most important, basic and incomparable criteria for the flourishing of society, dynamic linguistics serves to understand and analyze the language in real time. Other fields of linguistics complement each other according to their places of use and tasks.

Eshmurzayeva Zuhra

I was born on April 9, 2005, in the Narpay district of the Samarkand region. At the moment, I am a student in the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature at the State University of World Languages of Uzbekistan.

References:

1.Z. Kholmonova. Textbook of theory of linguistics. Tashkent-2020

2.R. Rasulov. General linguistics (textbook for undergraduate students of higher educational institutions). Tashkent-2012

3. Cann, Ronnie; Kempson, Ruth; Lutz, Maarten (2005). The dynamics of language: an introduction. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-18-49-50873-5.
4. Mamatov A.E. Modern linguistics [Text]: study guide / A.E. Mamatov. – Tashkent: “Generation of Thought”, 2020. -1 6 8 p.
5. Boyarsky K. K. Introduction to computer linguistics. Uchebnoe posobie. – SPb: NIU ITMO, 2013. – 72 p.
6. Kulagina O. S. Ob odnom sposobe opredeleniya grammaticheskikh ponyatiy na baze teorii mnojestv, v sb.: Problemy cybernetiki, v. 1, M., 1958;